Ivabradine improved left ventricular function and pressure overload- induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis in a transverse aortic constriction mouse model

This study aimed to investigate the effects and molecular mechanisms of ivabradine in preventing cardiac hypertrophy in an established transverse aortic constriction (TAC) mouse model. A total of 56 male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned into the following seven groups (8 mice per group): sham, TAC model, Iva-10 (10 mg/kg/day ivabradine), Iva-20 (20 mg/ kg/day ivabradine), Iva-40 (40 mg/kg/day ivabradine), Iva-80 (80 mg/kg/day ivabradine), and Rap (rapamycin, a positive control). Echocardiography and left ventricular hemodynamics were performed. Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E), Masson’s tri- chome staining, and TUNEL assays were conducted to evaluate cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and apoptosis, respectively. Western blotting was performed to detect the expression of proteins related to the PI3K/Akt/mTOR/p70S6K pathway. Ivabradine could effectively improve left ventricular dysfunction and hypertrophy induced by TAC in a dose-independent manner. Moreover, no obvious change in heart rate (HR) was observed in the TAC and Rap groups, whereas a significant decrease in HR was found after ivabradine treatment (P < 0.05). Cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and apoptosis induced by TAC were notably suppressed after either rapamycin or ivabradine treatment (P < 0.05). Ivabradine and rapamycin also decreased the expression of PI3K/Akt and mTOR induced by TAC. Ivabradine improved cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis as well as reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR/p70S6K pathway in TAC model mice.