Angiopoietin-1 enhanced myocyte mitosis, engraftment, and the reparability of hiPSC-CMs for treatment of myocardial infarction

Phycotoxins and toxic microalgae have been investigated since early 1990s in coastal waters of China. Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) pollution has been increasing year by year, which seriously harmed the coastal waters in South China Sea in 1990s, in the northern Yellow Sea in early 2000s, and in the Qinhuangdao and Fujian recently. PSP had been found produced by toxic species of genus Alexandrium and Gymnodinium catenatum. Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in the coastal waters of China has been increasing and about 32% of the samples exceeded the safety benchmark determined by mouse bioassay but only three cases were detected by HPLC and LC-MS/MS methods. Therefore, mouse bioassay for DSP test in China produced obviously false positive results and should be repealed. Lipophilic marine biotoxins have been detected in the coastal waters of China in all seasons, and the levels of yessotoxin (YTX) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) were occasionally reported high beyond the safety point. The lipophilic toxins have been found produced mainly by toxic Dinophysis spp, Prorocentrum spp. Azadinium spp. Protoceratium reticulatum, and Vulcanodinium rugosum. Domoic acid (DA), the main component of amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), had been confirmed secreted from diatom Pseudo-nitzschia simulans that frequently occurred recently in the coastal waters of China but remained within the safe level. Recently, ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) polluted seriously the coastal waters of South China Sea but no microalga has yet been found to produce the toxin. The ELISA and LC-MS/MS methods for detecting marine biotoxins have become mature methods and expected to replace gradually the MBA and HPLC methods in China.