Alamandine attenuates long‑term hypertension‑induced cardiac fibrosis independent of blood pressure

Cardiac fibrosis secondary to long‑term hypertension is known to promote cardiac dysfunction; however, few therapeutic agents are available for the treatment of this condition in clinical practice. The heptapeptide alamandine (Ala) has recently been identified as a component of the renin‑angiotensin system (RAS), which exerts a protective effect against cardiac hypertrophy; however, it is unknown whether Ala may also be useful for the treatment of cardiac fibrosis. In the present study, the potential therapeutic effects of Ala on long‑term hypertension‑induced cardiac fibrosis were investigated in an aged, spontaneous hypertensive rat model. Weekly blood pressure (BP) measure‑ ments revealed that daily Ala treatment significantly decreased the systolic, diastolic and mean arterial BP compared with the control. Of note, the observed reduction in BP in Ala‑treated animals markedly differed to that observed in rats treated with hydralazine (Hyd). Echocardiography further demonstrated that Ala treatment decreased the ratio of left ventricle mass to body weight, and alleviated structural and functional parameters asso‑ ciated with cardiac fibrosis, including left ventricular volume, ejection fraction and fractional shortening compared with the control and Hyd‑treated groups. Furthermore, Ala deceased the density of cardiac fibrosis, as assessed by Masson and Sirius red staining; reduced expression of fibrotic proteins, including connective tissue growth factor, collagen I (COL1A1) and matrix metalloproteinase 9, was also observed. In addition, Ala treat‑ ment further decreased the expression of angiotensin II‑induced fibrotic markers at the mRNA and protein levels in cultured cardiac fibroblasts; Ala‑mediated inhibition of COL1A1 expres‑ sion and Akt phosphorylation was inhibited via the Mas‑related G protein receptor antagonist, PD123319. Collectively, the findings of the present study suggest that Ala is an effective anti‑hypertensive peptide that can attenuate cardiac dysfunction and fibrosis induced by chronic hypertension, independent of BP.