Activin A inhibition attenuates sympathetic neural remodeling following myocardial infarction in rats

Inflammation serves a critical role in driving sympa- thetic neural remodeling following myocardial infarction (MI), and activin A has been implicated as an important mediator of the inflammatory response post‑MI. However, whether activin A impacts sympathetic neural remodeling post‑MI remains unclear. In the present study, the authors assessed the effects of activin A on sympathetic neural remodeling in a rat model of MI. Rats were randomly divided into sham, MI, and MI + follistatin‑300 (FS, activin A inhibitor) groups. Cardiac tissues from the peri‑infarct zone were assessed for expression of sympathetic neural remodeling and inflamma- tory factors in rats 4 weeks post‑MI by western blotting and immunohistochemical methods. Heart function was assessed by echocardiography. It is demonstrated that FS administration significantly reduced post‑MI upregulation of activin A, nerve growth factor protein lever, and the density of nerve fibers with positive and protein expression of sympathetic neural remodeling markers in nerve fibers, which included growth associated protein 43 and tyrosine hydroxylase. In addition, inhibition of activin A reduced cardiac inflammation post‑MI based on the reduction of i) interleukin‑1 and tumor necrosis factor‑α protein expression, ii) numbers and/or proportional area of infiltrating macrophages and myofibroblasts and iii) phosphorylated levels of p65 and IκBα. Furthermore, activin A inhibition lessened heart dysfunction post‑MI. These results suggested that activin A inhibition reduced sympathetic neural remodeling post‑MI in part through inhibition of the inflammatory response. The current study implicates activin A as a potential therapeutic target to circumvent sympathetic neural remodeling post‑MI.