Targeting androgen receptor with ASC-J9 attenuates cardiac injury and dysfunction in experimental autoimmune myocarditis by reducing M1-like macrophage

Backgroud: Macrophages are important mediators in inflammatory cardiovascular diseases. Experi- mental autoimmunemyocarditis (EAM) is characterized by pronouncedmacrophages infiltration, cardiac necrosis and cardiac fibrosis. Androgen receptor (AR) is a regulator of immune system which can control macrophages' infiltration and function in various inflammatory-related diseases. However, the effect of AR on the inflammatory response in EAM is unknown. Our study aims to investigate the potential role of AR on the development of autoimmune myocarditis. Methods and results: In our study, we found that AR was increased in the myocardium and was asso- ciated with the time-course of EAM progression, which motivated us to use ASC-J9 (an enhancer of AR degradation). The results revealed that ASC-J9 administration in EAM mice resulted in an attenuation in the severity of disease and cardiac injury, a reduced CD4þT cell response, reduced monocyte/macrophage infiltration, and decreases in the pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, ASC-J9 was also found to prevent Raw264.7 cells polarization to M1 macrophages in response to LPS by upregulating suppressor of cytokine signaling 1(SOCS1) and downregulating signal transducer and activator of the transcription 5(STAT5) activity. Conclusions: AR facilitated EAM development, and targeting AR with ASC-J9 attenuated cardiac injury and dysfunction by inhibiting macrophages polarization towards M1 macrophages.