Photoacoustic imaging of tumour vascular permeability with indocyanine green in a mouse model

Background: We analysed the haemodynamics of indocyanine green (ICG) in mouse organs and tumours and evaluated responses to anti-angiogenic agents in an allograft tumour mouse model by photoacoustic imaging. Methods: Thirty-six male mice (aged 10–14 weeks; body weight 20–25 g) were used. Real-time photoacoustic imaging of organs and tumours after intravenous injection of ICG was conducted in mice until 10 min after ICG injection. ICG distribution in tumour tissues was assessed by immunohistochemical staining and observation of ICG-derived fluorescence. Vascular permeability changes induced by the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-blocking agent VEGF-trap on tumour photoacoustic signals were studied. Results: The photoacoustic signals in salivary glands and tumours after intravenous injection of iCG (0.604±0.011 and 0. 994±0.175 [mean±standard deviation], respectively) were significantly increased compared with those in the liver, kidney, and great vessel (0.234±0.043, 0.204±0.058 and 0.127±0.040, respectively; p<0.010). In tumours, the photoacoustic signal increased within 30 s after ICG injection in a dose-dependent manner (r2=0.899) and then decreased gradually. ICG was found to extravasate in tumour tissues. In VEGF-trap-treatedmice, the photoacoustic signal in the tumour decreased at the early phase before inhibition of tumour growth was detected (0.297±0.052 vs 1.011±0.170 in the control; p<0.001). Conclusions: Photoacoustic imaging with ICG administration demonstrated extravasation of ICG inmouse organs and tumours, indicating the potential for early detection of changes in vascular permeability during cancer therapy.